2007 AATCC = Materials Design Completion 2nd Place Winner

From: Subject: 2007 AATCC Materials Design Completion 2nd Place Winner Date: Fri, 14 Oct 2011 12:31:34 -0400 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0051_01CC8A6D.35E7BDF0" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.6109 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0051_01CC8A6D.35E7BDF0 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: mhtml:http://www.aatcc.org/members/students/Lithium_Ion_Nano_Batteries_Poster.mht!Lithium_Ion_Nano_Batteries_Poster_files/slide0001.htm 2007 AATCC = Materials Design Completion 2nd Place Winner

Lithium Ion Electric Vehicle Battery=20

Bradley=20 Drake, Hiroki Kasahara, Vishal Mahajan, Whip = Thompson

Department=20 of Materials Science and =20 Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, USA

Scientists=20 at the University of Nevada, Reno have been developing=20 technology that allows lithium ion batteries to be developed=20 for electric vehicle applications. =20 The new anodization=20 technology has allowed battery cathode technology=20 to reach unprecedented levels through a unique and=20 easy anodization process of titanium manganese resulting = in=20 nanotubular arrays that allow for more storage of lithium = and=20 improved charging characteristics.=20

20=20 nm 20=20 nm

10=20 nm

Summary

Reasons=20 to develop alternative automotive technologies:

=95 Dependence on foreign oil=20 =95 Reduction in green house = emissions=20 =95 Clean energy source &n= bsp; =20 =95 Environmentally friendly=20 =95 Higher energy efficiency=20 =95 Growing industry = =95=20 =95=20

Ethics=20 and Benefits to Society

Background

Besides electric = vehicles,=20 there are several different alternative fuels that have = been=20 proposed to replace the

internal = combustion engine:=20

=95 Ethanol =95 Hydrogen

Despite all of = these=20 different possible alternatives for providing fuels to = vehicles, electric=20 cars maintain to lead the evolving industry with = more=20 advantages. These = advantages over=20 the competitors=20 include:

Alternative=20 Fuels

=95 Biodiesel

=95=20 =95 Hybrid Vehicles = =95=20

=95 Propane

=95=20 =95 Natural gas = =95=20

=95 Zero tail pipe emissions =96=20 eliminating green = house gas=20 emissions = =95 Lower maintenance cost=20

=95Federal rebate = incentives=20 to electric vehicle = owners=20 =95 Refuel off of standard power=20 grid = =95=20

=95 Higher efficiency per mile=20

=95 Does not rely on crops and land = to produce fuel = which=20 allows food prices to remain = lower.=20 =95 No expensive infrastructure=20 required to = implement=20 technology

=95 Reduce CO2=20 emissions to=20 protect environment=20 =95 U.S. can become less dependent = on=20 foreign nations = that are=20 very volatile.

=95 Every individual will be = responsible to=20 do their own part = to=20 protect the future =95 Safer mode of travel for = passenger=20 vehicles

Future=20 Work

In order to = improve our=20 battery technology there are several thing that can be = improved=20 upon through more research and development:

=95 Development of cathode = materials.=20

=95Improved battery = stability=20 to operate at a wider range of environmental = conditions=20 =95 Higher specific power and = specific energy=20 to allow for smaller, lighter batteries = that=20 provide better performance

Charging and discharging test = of an=20 anode for lithium ion battery=20

Capacity =96 210 = Wh/Kg.=20

1.3 = Ah/g of=20 (Ti,Mn)O2 = ~3 = times more=20 than TiO2=20 Intercalation of = 1.68 mole=20 of Li ion in one mole of=20 (Ti,Mn)O2 as compared to currently used = 1 mole of=20 Li ion in one mole of = TiO2

Carbon monoxide emission vs=20 Efficiency=20

=D8 Battery is based on use of = nanotubular=20 (Ti,Mn)O2=20 anode=20 material.

=D8Easy and no loss = flow of=20 Ions and electrons in the nanochannels and along the nanotubes =96 low = charging=20 time, High power density

=D8High Lithium = intercalation=20 capacity of the newly developed material =96 High power = density

Process=20 Manufacturing

Recirculation = pump

Recirculation = filter

Ultrasonicator

Anode

(Ti)

Cathode=20

( = Pt) Anodizing=20 Solution Power = Supply

Feed

Drain A V

First to make the Titanium =96 Manganese = -oxide nanotubes by our patented technology.

Then stack it along with separator, Lithium cobalt oxide cathode in cell pack with the Nickel interconnects and spacer grids. Finally connect the number of cells (according to power requirements) to make one complete module for Electronic vehicle.

v1 D nanotubes = have improved=20 charge transport = due to=20 quantum confinement in = radial=20 direction.

vCharge = recombination losses=20 are less for 1 D = nanotubes.=20

1D nanotubular=20 TiO2 TiO2=20 nanoparticles=20

vIn=20 nanoparticles/nanocrystalline material charge = transport=20 is by sluggish hopping = mechanism.=20

vCharge = recombination losses=20 are more due to = increased grain=20 boundary regions = in=20 particulate nanocrystalline=20 material.

Ti = Kα1 =

Mn = Kα1 =

SEM and STEM = images of=20 as-anodized Ti-Mn oxide nanotube and X-ray mapping of Ti and = Mn=20 elements. The yellow spots are overlap of Ti and Mn.

Lithium=20 Ion Battery Technology

Lithium ion = battery has=20 High power density due to smaller = weight of Li=20 ion. Use of TiO2 anodes unable = insertion of=20 more lithium ions at lower insertion = potentials.=20 It is also inter with Lithium ions and = do not=20 forms passive layer which hinders the = movement=20 of lithium ions. Addition of Mn in = TiO2 increases the amount of=20 Li ion = intercalation and=20 also gives strength to comparatively = brittle=20 TiO2 electrode.

Schematic of Li = ion=20 Battery

Insertion of Li = ion=20 through=20 nanochannels

Salient=20 Features of the UNR Li ion battery anode

vHigh=20 power density i.e.. High power storage in low weight=20 , small volume of material

vIncreased=20 stability and durability vFast=20 charging times

vEasy=20 to synthesize in large volume production with minimum=20 cost.=20

Preliminary=20 results

Acknowledgement - = The=20 synthesis part of the work was supported by U.S. = Department of=20 Energy, Grants DE-FC52-98NV13492

Comparisons of=20 different technologies Hybrid +=20 EV

Current=20 Scenario

= EVs=20 + renewable energy

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