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SURFACTANTS
• Aquatic Toxicities of Textile Surfactants by Samuel B. Moore, Richard A. Diehl, Joni M. Bernhardt, and G. Brooks Avery (Textile Chemist & Colorist, May 1987). The following questions should be considered in choosing surfactants for dyehouse use: Is the compound biodegradable? Is the aquatic acute and/or chronic toxicity value known?
• Biodegradation of Nonionic Surfactants: Alcohol Ethoxylates vs. Nonylphenol Ethoxylates by L. Kravetz (Textile Chemist & Colorist, April 1983). This study shows that alcohol ethoxylates degrade to CO2 and H2O faster and more extensively than nonylphenol ethoxylates under both summer and winter conditions.
• Environmental Fate and Safety of Nonylphenol Ethoxylates by Carter G. Naylor (Textile Chemist & Colorist, April 1995). Toxicity and exposure data on nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates allow confident predictions of the risks posed by the products to the aquatic environment.